Tools exam

Exam

Energy

Complete the following test

Energy

Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Main components of a nuclear reactor

Core – It’s the focal point of the reactor, where fuel is contained and nuclear fission reactions take place.

Fuel – Generally, fuel is made of small enriched uranium oxide rods, stacked so as to form cylinders. These rods are wrapped in metal sheathes (steel or zirconium alloy), which allow heat to pass through while blocking the radioactive elements produced by fission.

Moderator – This is a material placed in the reactor to slow down the neutrons produced by fission, in order to reach the most suitable speed allowing the chain reaction to continue.

Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core and carries outside the heat that is produced there. The most commonly used fluid is water.

Control rods – These are rods used in specific materials (silver, indium, cadmium or boron carbide) to control fission inside the core. 

Vessel – The large steel recipient containing the core, the control rods and the heat-transfer fluid.

All the components of the reactor are container in a solid concrete structure that guarantees further isolation from external environment. This structure is made of concrete that is one-metre thick, covered by steel. The most recent reactors sometimes contain two containment structures and are designed to defy all types of accidental events, even the impact of an aircraft.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UwexvaCMWA

NUCLEAR REACTOR

PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE

MAIN PARTS OF THE WIND TURBINE


There are four main parts to a wind turbine:
- The base
- The tower
- The nacelle
- The blades



The blades

The blades spin at a low rate of about 20-30 rpm. They are made of fiberglass-reinforced polyester.

The nacelle

The nacelle houses a generator and gearbox. As the gearbox spin, the electricity is produced.

The tower

The most common tower design is a white steel cylinder, about 25-100m  tall and 30mt in diameter.  Contains the electrical conduits, supports the nacelle and provides access to the nacelle to maintenance (ladder and lift). It´s made of grey steel.

The base

Bases are made of concrete reinforced with steel bars, supports the whole structure.

LET´S TAKE A LOOK INSIDE A WIND TURBINE:

http://www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/inside-a-wind-turbine.html

WIND POWER

WIND POWER

http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/en/details/browse/7/article/226/functioning-principles-of-a-wind-turbine.html

http://greenpoweroregon.com/green-power/wind-power.aspx

http://www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/sustainable-development/energy/windpower.aspx

SOLAR ENERGY

HOW DO SOLAR PANEL WORKS?

A solar panel is a device that collects photons or sunlight, which are very small packets of electromagnetic radiation energy, and converts that into heat.

SOLAR POWER PLANTS

These plants use the energy from the sun. There are two main types of installations: photo-thermal and photovoltaic power plants.

Photo-thermal power plant

In this type of power plant, the heat generated by solar radiation produces steam that is used to move the rotor in the generator.

To do this, they use special mirrors, called heliostats,  that reflect sunlight and concentrate it at one point, where it reaches a high temperature.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDZzAIcCQLQ


Photovoltaic power plant

In these power plants, solar radiation is transformed directly into electricity by panels of photovoltaic cells.
These power plants consist of large areas of photovoltaic panels.

BIOMASS

We as humans create a huge amount of byproducts including human waste, general waste, animal waste, and much more. Biomass energy technologies now takes advantage of these by burning byproducts to create electricity instead of further polluting the atmosphere.

Many waste treatment facilities and landfill sites are moving to biomass energy to create power and to make their towns and cities cleaner.

Process to obtain energy from biomass and waste

The most used method today is combustion, where all the carbon in the fuel is totally transformed into carbon dioxid and where the only product is heat. The heat from the combustion process can be used directly or for power production.  Gasification is a process where the fuel is partially oxidised and the product is a fuel gas consisting of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, H2O and N2. This fuel gas can be utilized in an engine, gas turbine or boiler for heat and power production. A third option for thermochemical conversion of biomass or waste is pyrolysis. Pyrolysis means to heat up the fuel in the absence of oxygen. The product from this process is charcoal, pyrolysis oil and a fuel gas. The charcoal can be used for barbeque or in the metallurgical industry. The pyrolysis oil can be utilized as a fuel for vehicles or for power production via engine or gas turbines. The combustible fuel gas can be utilized in an engine, gas turbine or in a boiler for power and heat production. Pyrolysis gives in other words more flexibility both in terms of storage and transportation and usage of the products compared to ordinary combustion. The figure below shows an overview of the different process and utilization of products.

TIDAL ENERGY

HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION

HOW IT WORKS?

Hydropower plants are actually based on a rather simple concept -- water flowing through a dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator. Hydro power is the process of changing the kinetic energy of flowing water in a river into electrical power that we can use.

A dam is built where there is a natural lake or big river in a valley. The gravitational potencial energy stored in the water due to height that is converted in kinetic energy is used to turn generators and create energy.

Here are the basic components of a conventional hydropower plant:

The shaft (rod)  that connects the turbine and generator

• Dam - Most hydropower plants rely on a dam that holds back water, creating a large reservoir.
• Intake - Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the water through the penstock, a pipeline that leads to the turbine. 
• Turbine - The water hits and turns the large blades of a turbine, which is attached to a generator above it. The most common type of turbine for hydropower plants is the Francis Turbine, which looks like a big disc with curved blades. 
• Generators - As the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets inside the generator. Giant magnets rotate past copper coils, producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons. 
• Transformer - The transformer inside the powerhouse takes the AC and converts it to higher-voltage current.
• Power lines.
• Outflow - Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, and re-enters the river downstream.

The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy. When the gates open, the water flowing through the penstock becomes kinetic energy because it's in motion.

TOOLS

1. Choose the correct name for these tools:

handsaw, screw, screwdriver, adjustable spanner, pliers, hammer.

TOOLS

SOLDERING IRON - SOLDADOR

TAPE MEASURE- CINTRA MÉTRICA O FLEXÓMETRO

SQUARE- ESCUADRA

PINCERS-  TENAZAS

CLAMP – SARGENTO,GATO O MORDAZA

VISE// PARALLEL VICE-TORNILLO DE BANCO

PLIERS- ALICATES

BOX SPANNER-LLAVE DE TUBO

ADJUSTABLE SPANNER- LLAVE INGLESA

GIMLET- BARRENA

FLAT SCREWDRIVER- DESTORNILLADOR PUNTA PLANA

BRACE BERBIQUÍ

SCREW-TORNILLO

DRILL- BROCA

POWER DRILL- TALADRO ELÉCTRICO

HAND DRILL- TALADRO MANUAL

PHILLIPS SCREWDRIVER –DESTORNILLADOR PUNTA DE ESTRELLA

COPING SAW -SEGUETA

SCISSORS- TIJERA

HANDSAW- SERRUCHO

CUTTER- CUTER

POWER SAW- SIERRA DE CALAR

HACKSAW-SIERRA DE ARCO O SIERRA DE METALES

MALLET-MAZA

HAMMER- MARTILLO

NAIL-CLAVO

NUT- TUERCA

FILE -LIMA

RASP-ESCOFINA

SANDPAPER-PAPEL DELIJA

CALLIPER- CALIBRE

LEVEL-NIVEL

COMPASSES- COMPÁS DE PUNTAS

AWL- PUNZÓN

SPANNER- LLAVE FIJA

ALLEN KEY- LLAVE ALLEN

CIRCULAR SAW-SIERRA CIRCULAR

RULER- REGLA

PLANE- CEPILLO DE CARPINTERO

CHISEL- FORMÓN

LONGER PLANE – GARLOPA

GLUE GUN- PISTOLA TERMOFUSIBLE