PENCILS

how are pencils made?

Pencils are made of a mixture of powdered natural graphite and clay baked in specific temperatures.

Varieties of pencils

Lead pencils are made of graphite refill encapsulated inside a wooden wrapper of cedar.

Mechanical pencils have thicker graphite cartridges

Hardness

The amount of clay will determine the hardness of the lead. The pencil can be classified in two groups according to their hardness:

Hard pencils: With dry, tenacious , grayish and somewhat narrower refills.
Soft pencils: with oily, fragile, dark and thicker refills.

Within these two classifications there is a wide range of options to meet various needs, ranging from the superhard pencil to the supersoft one . To be able to differentiate them, besides testing them on paper and seeing the marks they make, we can look at the numbers and letters on the outside of the pencil..

Hard pencils have the letter H (hard, hard in English) or high numbers: 3,4,5,6...
Soft pencils, on the contrary, are identified by the letter B (bold, marked in English) or low numbers 0,1...

We can also find those that mix numbers and letters to differentiate the diverse hardness:

Hard pencils are defined by the letter H continued by a number (when higher, harder): 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H...
Soft pencils are defined by the letter B continued by a number (when higher, softer):2B, 3B, 4B, 5B...

EXERCISES

1. Write these grades of pencil in order from softest to hardest: H, 3B, 5H, HB, 6B, 3H

2. Copy and complete:

a. Drawing pencils can be classified into two types:........................ and ........................
b. In technical drawing, we use pencils  which are harder than ........................... grade.
c. The hardest pencil is ...................... and the softest.............................
d. Hard pencils are identified by the letter ........................ They enable you to draw........................... and are used for..............................
e. Soft pencils are identified by the letter .............. The lines that they draw are.................. and they are used for........................

3. Choose the correct option:

a. A3 format paper is bigger/smaller than A5.
b. The format number of the paper size is higher/lower, if the paper is smaller.

4. Say true or false and correct.

a. A1 format is the biggest format of the DIN A series.
b. A5 format is bigger than the A4 format.
c. A3 format is half size of the A4 format.
d. A1 format is twice as big as the A2 format.

WARNING SIGNS

MANDATORY SIGNS

PROHIBITION SIGNS

CYBERBULLYING

Here´s a possible video that we could show about CYBERBULLYING

http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2610179/cyberbullying/

Cyberbullying is the use of cell phones, instant messaging, e-mail, chat rooms or social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to harass, threaten or intimidate someone. Cyberbullying is often done by children, who have increasingly early access to these technologies.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. What percentage of American kids experience cyberbullying?

2. What do the following words mean?

- Torment

- Harassment

- Embarrasment

- Threats

- Humiliation

3. Define cyberbullying

4. What forms of electronic media are often used for cyberbullying?

5. What is anonymity?

6. What is cybersuicide?

7. Name and describe several types of cyberbullying.

I hope that you have a good day!

ABBREVIATIONS

http://www.acronymfinder.com/ (use tab: Information Technology)

HTML: HyperText Markup Language

BIOS: Basic Input Output System

FTP: File Transfer Protocol

LAN: Local Area Network

BMP: Bitmap

GIF: Graphic Interface Format

URL: Universal Resource Locator

JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group

KBPS: Kilobytes per second

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface

CD-ROM: Compact Disk Read Only Memory

EXE: Executable

MIDI: Music Instrument Digital Interface

PC: Personal Computer

CAD: Computer Aid Design

RAM: Random Access Memory

PDA: Personal Digital Assistant

ROM: Read Only Memory

CPU: Central Processing Unit

ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit

WWW: World Wide Web

DLL: Dynamic Link Library

RGB: Red Green Blue

ISP: Internet Service Provider

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions

RPM: Revolutions per minute

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange

TCP/IP: Transmission Control protocol/Internet Protocol

INPUT, OUTPUT AND INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES

1. You type your documents on me; I am different in Europe than in USA. Who am I?

2. You use me to manipulate your players when you play Fifa World Cup. Who am I?

3. You use me to record your voice, whether you are singing Karaoke or practicing your English pronuntiation. Who am I?

4. If you use Skype, you need me to take your picture. Say cheese! Who am I?

5. When you go to the store, the cashier uses me to determinate the price of the products you are buying. Who am I?

6. If you have a hard copy of a document, you can use me to create a soft copy (an e-copy). Who am I?

7. You use me to manipulate the cursor, but I don´t squeak. Who am I?

OUTPUT AND INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES

1.The computer must be hooked up to a _____________ in order for you to see your work.

a. Screen b. Monitor c. Touch screen

2. I can hardly hear Melendi´s music because the ____________on my computer are very weak.

a. Speakers. b. Microphones c. Radios.

3. In the 1970´s big ________ were very popular, and now they´re back in style again.

a. Computers. b. Boots. c. Headphones

4. When you go to the ATM (automatic teller machine) to withdraw cash, you can select English on the ___________ so that you can practice.

a. Menu. b. Touch screen c. Keyboard.

5. We have various kinds of ______________: inkjet, laser and color.

a. Printers. b. Monitors. c. Modems.

6. Now that I have a __________ at home, I can use wireless to work on my laptop anywhere in the house.

a. Modem. b. Mouse. c. Router.

7. The technician from Orange installed a _________ so that we have Internet.

a. Modem b. Phone. c. Webcam.

8. Through a ____________, one can fax, scan or print.

a. Multifunction printer. b. Scanner. c. Phone.

Exercise: Look up the words in italic.